When you put a new hard drive in your Mac—or connect an external one using FireWire or USB—you need to decide how to partition the drive and what file system to put on it. The easiest way to do that is with the Disk Utility in Applications/Utilities. After you start it, Disk Utility shows a list of all available disks along with all the volumes (partitions) present on those disks on the left side of the window. If you want to keep things simple, just select a disk, click on the 'erase' tab and you can create a volume that uses the entire disk with a few mouse clicks.
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If your needs are more complex, select the 'partition' tab. There, you can divide the disk into several partitions. The advantage of having multiple partitions is that if one fails, the others may be unaffected. The downside is that you need to think about the size of the different partitions and keep track of which files go where. And copying files from one partition to another is slow, even slower than copying from one disk to another. Keep in mind that disk access is fastest on the outside of the disk, where the first partition is located. Whether you decide to partition the disk or not, the 'options' button lets you set the type of 'partition scheme' for the disk. There are three choices:
Apple Partition Map: this way of organizing a disk has been used with Macs for a long time. If you want to boot a PowerPC Mac from the disk, you need to use this partition scheme. However, you can't put any FAT (MS-DOS/Windows-compatible) partitions on the disk.
Master Boot Record: this is how MSDOS and Windows organize a disk, so use this if you have an external drive that you also want to use with a Windows machine. It looks like you can also use the Mac OS Extended (HFS+) file system on disks with a master boot record, but it's unlikely that older Mac OS versions support this.
GUID Partition Table: this is how Intel Macs organize their boot disks. You can put partitions with any of the supported file systems on a GUID disk, but only Macs running Mac OS 10.4 can access these disks.
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In most cases, you'll want to use Mac OS Extended (Journaled) as the 'volume format' (file system). This supports all the Mac-specific functions such as aliases and resource/data forks. However, this isn't your only choice. Depending on the partition scheme, these are the file systems Mac OS 10.4 supports:
Mac OS Extended or HFS+ is an improved version of Apple's Hierarchical File System from the mid-1980s.
Mac OS Extended (Case Sensitive) is the same file system, but in this case, it treats file names that are the same but have different case as different. So the file text.txt is different from the file Text.txt and both can exist side by side. This matches the behavior of UNIX.
Mac OS Extended (Journaled) is also HFS+, but it has an extra mechanism that avoids corruption of the file system when something bad happens, such as loss of power during a write operation.
Mac OS Extended (Case Sensitive, Journaled) is HFS+ with a combination of case sensitivity and journaling.
MS-DOS File System is the older FAT filesystem used with MS-DOS and Windows. Note that you can't have files of 4GB or bigger on a FAT volume.
UNIX File System (UFS) is exactly what the name suggests. Don't use it unless you know you need to.
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Use HFS+ with journaling if possible, especially on external drives. I've lost a lot of data because the FAT file system on a FireWire drive got corrupt after I accidentally turned off the drive while it was in use. After this, newer files started overwriting older ones, but I didn't find out until a month later. And don't format or partition an iPod using Disk Utility, because the iPod gets confused, even though it will function as an external drive.
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In addition to the file systems listed above that you can use to format your drives with, Mac OS X has various levels of support for the following file systems:
HFS: the original Mac file system
NTFS: the Windows NT file system (read-only)
ISO-9660 (with various extensions): the file system for data CDs
UDF: the Universal Disk Format for DVDs
See the Filesystems HOWTO for much more information on many of these. And you may want to start reading up on ZFS, Sun's revolutionary new file system that is supposed to come to the Mac with Leopard.
Use Software Update
Choose System Preferences from the Apple menu , then click Software Update to check for updates.
If any updates are available, click the Update Now button to install them. Or click “More info” to see details about each update and select specific updates to install. You might be asked to enter your administrator password.
When Software Update says that your Mac is up to date, the installed version of macOS and all of its apps are also up to date. That includes Safari, Music, Photos, Books, Messages, Mail, Calendar, and FaceTime.
To automatically install future updates, including for apps that you got from the App Store, select “Automatically keep my Mac up to date.” Your Mac will notify you when updates require it to restart, so you can always choose to install those later.
Update the software on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch
Learn how to update your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch to the latest version of iOS or iPadOS.
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Learn more
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Learn how to get updates for earlier versions of macOS that don't include Software Update preferences.
You can also use the App Store to update apps or redownload apps that came from the App Store.
Learn which macOS your Mac is using and how to upgrade to the latest macOS.
When your Mac is connected to a Personal Hotspot, large updates don't download automatically.